Note: This article is based on MAMP version 4. It is generally seen as a quicker method as well. Using commands for importing and exporting databases in MAMP prevents any PHP-related errors that may occur when trying to do so using phpMyAdmin. $ /Applications/MAMP/Library/bin/mysqldump -u -p | gzip >. You can also export the database as a gzip file by adding a pipe, |, followed by the name of the compressed file. alias mysqldump='/Applications/MAMP/Library/bin/mysqldump' Similarly, you can add an alias for mysqldump so that you don’t have to type out the path each time. This page is to be used in conjunction with the installation instructions for Drupal on Mac OS X. This will make Drupal much easier to install because the components dont have to be installed separately. The option will be the name of the file that gets created when you export the database data. MAMP creates a local server environment on Mac OS X by installing PHP, MySQL, and Apache right out of the box. The arguments used in mysqldump are similar to those when using mysql, except a greater than sign is used rather than a less than sign. Also you may want to check out this video in the Videocasts section of the. This will make Drupal much easier to install because the components don't have to be installed separately. I'm hosting Wordpress locally on my laptop using MaMp, a Mac application that sets up php, apache, MysQl, and phpMyadmin in an easy-to-install package. $ /Applications/MAMP/Library/bin/mysql -u -p. MAMP creates a local server environment on Mac OS X by installing PHP, MySQL, and Apache right out of the box. To import a database, you can use the mysql commands with the arguments specified below. This allows the use of the mysql and mysqldump commands that can be used to import and export databases. MAMP will limit the uploadmaxfilesize size to 32MB but phpMyAdmin will still use the lower limit of 8MB as defined in postmaxsize. MAMP provides mysql and mysqldump executable files within the Applications/MAMP/Library/bin directory. Note that the uploadmaxfilesize parameter is also used to limit the upload file size phpMyAdmin limit is determined from postmaxsize parameter as it is an upload through HTML form. Importing and Exporting Databases in MAMP using a command line interface will eradicate any problems with large database files. When using MAMP and the phpMyAdmin interface provided, there may be times when you struggle to import and export large databases, perhaps due to timeout issues. If you experience is different, please state how, and which versions you're using.Importing and Exporting Databases in MAMP I don't remember where I got that recommendation (this was years ago), but it still seems to be the most correct nowadays. zshrc: a bunch of export lines, mostly for PATH zprofile: emulate sh \ source ~/.profile \ emulate zsh (interesting) bash_profile: source ~/.profile (that's it) It may be valuable for you and others to see the result of cat on different shell config files in my ~: My Mac started with Catalina, and has had Big Sur and Monterey previous to now. (There should also be an item in the MAMP/WAMP control panel, or on the MAMP/WAMP start page, which you can use to open it.) Logging into phpMyAdmin. You can use WebStart to access the phpInfo page, as well as tools such as phpMyAdmin. WebStart is a local page that MAMP sets up, which provides you with an overview of your server’s settings. Considering this article was posted in September of 2019, looks like you were on Mojave. To access your MAMP phpInfo page, open the tool’s control panel and click on the Open WebStart page button: Opening your MAMP WebStart page. Restart MAMP, and check to see whether your Apache server is now running successfully. On your local machine, navigate to /Library/Application Support/appsolute/MAMP PRO/templates. You'll learn about single table queries and the basic syntax of the SQL language, as well as database design with multiple tables, foreign keys, and the JOIN operation. Maybe you were using something different. Some MAMP Pro users have reported positive results after renaming this file. In this course, you'll walk through installation steps for installing a text editor, installing MAMP or XAMPP (or equivalent) and creating a MySql Database. To set up phpMyAdmin on Windows, Mac, or Linux LOCALHOST, you need to have a web server, PHP, and MySQL or MariaDB installed on your local machine. As of macOS 10.6 Catalina and its successor Big Sur, Apple has made the zsh shell the default shell, previously it was the bash shell. zshrc is not where alias should go, it should go into. My MAMP Pro is version 6.8, and my macOS is Ventura 13.2.1.įrom everything I've determined (even going back to Catalina. Apple likes changing file paths all the time for no apparent reason, so some of these just aren't applicable. Would be nice to know which version of MAMP Pro and macOS you wrote the article for.
0 Comments
REGISTER now for full benefits of our site, it's completely FREE to join: With several hundred thousand FREE hacks, cheats and bots, over 4 million members strong, a free and open marketplace and a great community, what else is there to ask for? Hacks & Cheats, Call of Duty Hacks & Cheats, Gunz Hacks & Cheats, Quake LIVE Hacks & Cheats, WolfTeam Hacks & Cheats, America's Army Hacks & Cheats, Battlefield 2/2142 Hacks & Cheats, Battlefield Heroes Hacks & Cheats, Battlefield Bad Company 2 (BC2) Hacks & Cheats, Battlefield 3 (BF3) Hacks & Cheats, Maplestory Hacks & Cheats, Diablo 3 Hacks & Cheats, Starcraft 2 Hacks & Cheats, Heroes of Newerth Hacks & Cheats, Call of Duty Hacks & Cheats, Call of Duty 4 Hacks & Cheats, Modern Warfare Hacks & Cheats, Modern Warfare 2 Hacks & Cheats, Call of Duty Modern Warfare 3 Hacks & Cheats, Project Blackout Hacks & Cheats, Runescape Hacks & Bots, Minecraft Hacks & Mods, MAT Hacks & Cheats, All Points Bulletin Hacks & Cheats, Vindictus Hacks & Cheats, Dragon Nest Hacks & Cheats, DayZ Hacks & Cheats, WarZ Hacks & Cheats, Arctic Combat Hacks & Cheats, Black OPS 2 Hacks & Cheats, BlackLight Retribution Hacks & Cheats, Bullet Run Hacks & Cheats, All Points Bulletin Hacks & Cheats, Arctic Combat Hacks & Cheats, Warframe Hacks & Cheats, Crysis 3 Hacks & Cheats, Warface Hacks & Cheats, Realm of the Mad God Hacks & Cheats, War Thunder Hacks & Cheats, Call of Duty Ghosts Hacks & Cheats, Battlefield 4 Hacks & Cheats and cheats and trainers for many other multiplayer games.
They also have a quote from the villager when you interact with it. These photos are framed and can be placed on desks or mounted on walls. Note that these are different than the posters you can get by bringing the villagers to Harv’s Island for a photoshoot. Once you get high enough friendship with a villager, they’ll give you a token of appreciation - a photo of them. The tool uses directly datamined information regarding friendship points and gifts.īy gift wrapping clothes from this generator and giving them to the respective villager, you can earn three points without wrecking their homes. If you don’t like them, you can click on the “find something magical” to get a different set of results. Once there, you can simply search for the villager you want and it will spit out some suggestions. To access it, click on the “villager gift” tab. Nook Plaza has a very helpful tool that will generate outfits to give villagers that will yield the most points, based on the villager’s preferred style and color preferences. To avoid this, you can gift villagers clothing. Giving villagers gift-wrapped furnishings will reward four points, but the villager might place the furnishing in their home, thereby messing up their home set-ups. Friendship seems to works on a point-based system, with 0 being the lowest value and 255 being the highest. You’ll want to increase your friendship with a villager if you want to earn a villager’s photo, and if you’re serious about that, you can give them something nice once a day to move the gauge. Unfortunately, he's dressed like a clown. Pietro is arguably one of the nicest villagers in all of Animal Crossing, and he always tries to make everyone's day a little brighter by cracking a joke or lending an ear. Giving gifts and completing tasks for the villager will increase their friendship, with certain items rewarding more friendship over others. Pietro (Image credit: Nintendo) Oh, Pietro. Nook Plaza, a huge database fansite for Animal Crossing: New Horizons, now has a useful tool for picking out gifts that your villagers will actually like.Īnimal Crossing: New Horizons has a hidden friendship mechanic which is tracked depending on your actions. Its appeal is neatly summarised by the title of Hassell’s first Fourth World album (made with Brian Eno): Possible Musics. Kero Kero Bonito: Fourth World is ‘a unified primitive/futuristic sound combining features of world ethnic styles with advanced electronic techniques’ according to its creator, American trumpeter and composer Jon Hassell. Even better, if we follow these parallel timelines where they lead, we end up creating our own new modernities ones that reflect our personal priorities and could even offer lessons for the reality we find ourselves in. It answers both mindless traditionalism and bland, unrelatable modernisation-for-its-own-sake. The Off-Modern Manifesto still has poignant implications today. It easily generates dusty, broken, and decidedly non-modern sounds that are hard to wrangle from software, and with Logic X's multi-tracking and MIDI sequencing facilities these can be spun into glistening mechanical constellations you swear you can touch. We use an old sampler, the Korg DSS-1, on all of the Civilisation tracks. They’re also informed by our modern perspective and comparatively recent innovations, like DAWs and online collaboration the result is a unique product of our time and place, but with associations transcending both. To an extent, songs like ‘The Princess and the Clock’ and ‘When the Fires Come’ could have existed 35 years ago, but crucially (and unlike everyone’s favourite Italo-disco records) they definitely did not. On Civilisation I and II, we aimed to make the most fantastical pop music we could using only old hardware synthesisers – coveted commercial flotsam from another era. Off-modernism is a stance that fires our imagination with the cultural tools at our disposal now. Such an approach acknowledges modern society’s inescapable sense of longing, the inevitable enclosure of revivalism, and the complex, unexplainable subjectivity that defines art (and the human race) all at once. In other words, tracing cultural evolution, seizing upon unrealised ‘what if’ moments – those hypothetical fantasies every bit as plausible as the established narrative performed by error-prone humans – and investigating them ourselves moving sideways, instead of backwards or forwards. Kero Kero Bonito: The term ‘off-modern’ was coined by Svetlana Boym, an artist and cultural theorist who postulated a realistic alternative to both arbitrary modernisation and insatiable nostalgia: exploring ‘the side alleys and lateral potentialities of the project of critical modernity’. Incorporating rigidly pentatonic passages, repetitive chants, and synthesised metallophones to conjure otherworldly soundscapes, the band explain, “By bringing ancient techniques into our work, we want to both refresh pop music and situate it within the grand scheme of humanity”.īelow, Kero Kero Bonito expand on five things that inspired the EP. Her hollow and echoey voice is offset by the track’s frenetic melody, which only adds to the feeling of being neither here nor there. Synths whizz and whir like a spaceship taking flight, as Perry delivers a spoken-word sermon about modern life: “ False prophets proclaim that the end is nigh and that humanity is not worth existence.” High priestess-like, she reminds us that “ this is a trap laid to ensnare the living”. The closing track “Well Rested” is a seven-minute, acid house epic about humanity. Delivered in an unaffected tone, Perry’s lyrics are matter-of-fact, like a diary entry or a shopping list: “ I set a call up with a friend/ A means towards an end, ’til we can meet again/ Hey, so, how are you doing?/ I’m okay, you know, the usual kinda weird.” When put together with Lobban and Bulled’s sunny yet quietly melancholic instrumentals, the result is strangely unsettling. Opening track “The Princess and the Clock” is a peppy, 8-bit fairytale about a kidnapped protagonist who’s trapped in a castle, while “21/04/20” recounts a day in Bromley during the first lockdown: needing to go for a walk, seeing ambulances pass, scheduling in a call with a friend. The three tracks are divided into past, present, and future. The EP was loosely inspired by American trumpeter Jon Hassell’s concept of ‘fourth world’ music, which brings together primitive and modern sounds, to bring forth “fantastical fictional cultures”, or imagined worlds that feel real. The bot seems to be a multipurpose bot that allows an attacker to gain control over the host. Lab 8: What do you think the purpose of this malware is? You can lookup an extensive analysis of the Rbot family at Running it through VirusTotal and ThreatExpert along with the runtime behavior and strings analysis all show that this is a variant of Rbot. Lab 7: How would you classify this malware? Why? whois bothunter bothunter is * bothunter bothunter is connecting from 127.0.0.1 /msg USA4221645. You will want to mask your hostname to “” Now if you try and connect this is what everything will look like. What’s nice about InspIRCD is that the server allows operators to mask their hostnames. In order to login you need to use the gemp123 password, but it will throw an error. login somepass -USA4221645- Are you a Fucker?. Here is the output if you try and join with the incorrect password. Next execute the malware and wait for it to join. After everything is configured, connect to the server and join channel #chalenge. ThreatExpert reports this file as a Backdoor.IRCBot.īack on 6667, that’s what we want to listen on. Let’s also check the executable against to see what it reports. There is a directory of common usernames and passwords included, in addition to refer-ences to several default Windows administrative shares.Ī list of keywords such as “Welcome to Gmail” and “PayPal” may mean that it watches for user activity and can capture credentials and/or account numbers. “Microsoft Svchost local services” which may be how the malware survives between re-boots There is a reference to an executable “Winsec32.exe” as well as a Windows service Mands, which means it uses IRC for command and control There are numerous different network and security related registry keys that this mal. The malware is identified as Crxbot Alias Realmbot –by Lindem- The malware contains an IRC server hostname, channel name and associated com. Upon analyzing the strings information, what can you tell about the malware now? The tools I will be using are:PE Explorer – – – – – – – Pro Freeware – - Ghex - Fedora respositoriesFile Analyzer - InstallRite - mIRCd – inspIRCd. You can download the virtual machine from here: This is to show you that there is more than one way to skin a cat. We will be performing some of these labs several times in several different ways. The virtual machine that we will be using to analyze the malware will be a Windows XP SP3 machine. You can download the virtual machine from here: Malware_ The tools I will be using are: PE Explorer – Wireshark – VirusTotal – ThreatExpert – PEiD – Netcat – Regshot – IDA Pro Freeware – Stud_PE - Ghex - Fedora respositories File Analyzer - Files/File-Analyzer.shtml InstallRite - mIRCd – 1 © Malware Analysis Lab Manual Lab 1: Describe your malware lab The virtual machine that we will be using to analyze the malware will be a Windows XP SP3 machine. They were handy folk who did a lot of work on sailboats and other projects. His dad was helping Mike build the ramps and I got to help for some of it. Mike was an excellent bike rider and always impressed me with the wheelies he’d do down the road. Somebody has to pick up the tools and build the world.Īt 14 years old (1984) in Lexington, MA, my friend, Mike Mills who was into BMX racing wanted some ramps in his driveway to learn ‘freestyle’. If you wanted something cool to ride, you needed to trespass or build your own. In the early eighties, the new boom in skateboarding and my young teenage years were a perfect storm setting me on a course that influences me today. 1986)Ī child of the 1970s, I grew up playing on cheap plastic skateboards. So if your interested in freestyle USA dirt biking or even canadian motocross & FMX (which is thriving and increasing in fans all the time), find out as much info as you can before building/buying your ramps.A long time ago, in a galaxy far far away…. Sites or organisations like the motocross ama might also give suggestions too, or use a forum to ask such questions. Which kind of rider are you? Either way, it's pretty simple today to end up with freestyle motocross ramps to use within your own property.Ī friend could know someone that builds ramps. Other people just want to hop on their bikes and ride, and don't want to be bothered with anything else. Some people love getting their hands dirty, and the process of building something with their own hands from scratch or from a plan is ideal. But once again, it comes down to effort and time versus budget, and whichever kind of investment you'd want to make. With some practice and intuition, you can form some pretty good, solid and safe ramps, and ones which allow you to get some real height and hang time. Of course, you can also build your own freestyle motocross ramps at home without any parts or components. If you're buying one online from a store, you'll end up with prefabricated pieces which need to be joined together, but all of the legwork will already be done for you. From a local dealer, track or friend, you can buy one already completely together, and get it hauled over on a truck bed or something like that. In this case, you can opt to buy already constructed freestyle motocross ramps. Many people though either aren't comfortable or interested in building their own ramps, or don't have the time to put into a project like that. Plans are affordable, and you can buy all of the pieces and parts yourself at a local hardware store for much less money than you would if you bought a ramp that was already built. With high quality plans, it's pretty easy to get something like this together. The most popular option today is probably buying the plans for freestyle motocross ramps and then buying all of the components yourself, and handling the construction on your own hand. The determining factors for which route you take will ultimately be your budget, your comfort with building things, and the amount of time you have on your hands. There are also lots of options for people of all experience and skill levels when it comes to construction. The good news is that there are lots of options for people of all experience and skill levels. The first question that everyone has with this is whether they should build their own from scratch, whether they should buy prefabricated ones and put them together or what. From there, with a little bit of money, time and effort you can have your own freestyle motocross ramps in your backyard or wherever else. It doesn't take much to get started either, all you really need will be to have your own bike and some open space to work with. There are many reasons to do so, including taking things up a notch, improving your riding, getting more practice time in and also simply having an awesome way to have some fun on hand. Making or Buying Freestyle Motocross Ramps.įor many riders, making, building or buying your own freestyle motocross ramps is an obvious next choice when you have started to ride for a bit. You could ask at stores where motocross bikes are sold, for good suppliers. You can buy complete ramps from respected suppliers but be aware this will not be cheap. Also choose your materials wisely, its best not to get junkyard wood as it could be rotten and let you down when you’re at a critical point in your jump. It’s best getting some blueprints or measurements before you start. Freestyle motocross ramps can be bought or even made by yourself in your own backyard. DownTek 650 fill-power down keeps you warm – even if you sleeping bag is wet. EMS Eastern Mountain Sports LT (Light) 20 Degrees WMN Right Zip Sleeping Bag Temperature Rating.to its conservative temperature rating, low weight, and a half-length front zip. Rest up for the next dayâ⠬⠢s adventures with the Velocity 35 Degree Mummy Sleeping Bag. External fabric: 20D Diamond Mini Ripstop, a lightweight material that provides a very durable exterior. The bag kept one of our cold-sleeping testers warm on freezing December.Ideal for when you have little more room to spare, perfect for caravanning or indoor use. Lzip is a lossless data compressor with a user interface similar to the one of gzip or bzip2. in the synthetic fill in that size I believe, but down is avail). For our top picks, see our reviews of the best backpacking sleeping bags and best ultralight bags and quilts.Equipped with DownTek insulation, the Mountain Light sleeping bag delivers comfort and warmth that's perfect for colder nights, while the hood securely cinches to trap heat keeping you toasty. These sleeping bags give you that home comfort feeling by having zips on both sides so it can be unzipped fully turning it into a duvet, whilst also being able to zip together with an identical bag to create a double sleeping bag. EMS LT 20 Reg Sleeping Bags user reviews : 4.1 out of 5 - 10 reviews. To keep each list a manageable length, we trimmed a handful of redundant or obscure bags and set the following parameters: 2.5-pound max weight and 35-degree max temperature rating (if we’ve missed anything important, feel free to comment or email us and we will add it in). For 2023, there is an extensive array of backpacking sleeping bags available, and we've organized them by weight in charts: unisex mummy sleeping bags, women's-specific bags, and hoodless sleeping bags and quilts for the UL crowd. 725 European Down Fill with a 20D Pertex Microlight Shell, this bag is the perfect option for hot climate camping or summer nights when pack space is limited. To pull this off, manufacturers utilize light and lofty down insulation, thin shell and lining fabrics, and a pared-down, narrow shape. EMS Mountain Light 40 Overview: Lightweight and rugged, this water-resistant down bag boasting an impressive weight to warm ratio. This 650-fill down bag features vertical baffling and DownTek technology to make it perfect for cold, damp nights on the trail. Long 2 lb 0.5 oz / 922 g, Reg 1 lb 8.1 oz / 684 g. sleeping bag, lightweight waterproof 2 person sleeping bag,2 pillows for camping 63.99 Trending at 84.41 2-Person Sleeping Bag Red Plaid Brown 0F Hunter Camp Portable w/ Strap Hike 135.41 Trending at 139.94 Paw Patrol 2 Piece Overnight Camp Kit Backpack and Sleeping Bag Blue Ages 4+ NWT 16.00 Trending at 22. For a bag that offers superior warmth without weighing you down on the hike, the EMS Pemi 20 is an ideal option. It’s amazing to think that a sleeping bag can weigh only 1 pound and keep you warm through the night. Additional Info Reg 1 lb 14.5 oz / 866 g. Our Breakfast Club and After School Club are for children aged 3 to 11 year olds and so Pre-School children can have extended sessions and attend from 7.30am to 6.00pm if required. Children can attend All Pre-School session 9.05am to 3.05pm, Morning session 9.05am to 12.05pm, or Afternoon session 12.05pm to 3.05pm. Monday to Friday 0905am to 1505pm Afternoons 1515pm to 1800pm Number of Weeks Open The setting is open Monday to Friday 7.30am to 6.00pm: for 38 weeks During term-time Availability Vacancy Information Vacancy information Pre-school core hours between 9.05am and 3.05pm. Childcare Information Childcare type Pre-School Playgroup Ofsted Information Ofsted URN 101858 Last Inspection Judgement Good Number of Places at Setting 26 Opening Times Childcare times Our strong links with the Infant school allow us to work together to make the transition from pre-school to reception as seemless as possible. We provide a safe space and a range of activities to support children to let of steam or relax, depending on their individual needs. We have strong links with Cam Woodfield Infant and Junior schools, and support their families needs for before and after school club provision. We are situated in beautiful countryside with an outside space that is designed to inspire, challenge and focus on exploration and discovery. Staff use their experienced knowledge of children's individual interests and needs to motivate and provide learning opportunities. Our curriculum is based on the Early Years Foundation Stage and is focused on learning through play and making healthy choices. We provide experiences that promote independence, resilience and that strengthen positive mental health. We are commited to building stronger communities by supporting children and their families to access quality provision that supports equality, diversity and inclusion. Other Details Costs Table of costs Table of costs AmountĪdditional Charges Age 3 - 11 Year Olds : Hourly: GBP 4.70 Age 3 - 4 Year Olds : Hourly: GBP 4.70 Availability Other notes We are an independent charity setting that supports the families in the local area. We are situated on the school site of Cam Woodfield Infant School and Cam Woodfield Junior School. Where to go Name The Woodfield Nest Pre-School & Out of School Club Address Woodfield Nest Elstub Lane Cam Dursley Gloucestershire Postcode GL11 6JJ Notes We look forward to hearing from you soon. We hold open days on Saturday mornings, three times a year so feel free to ring up and book a space to have a look around and meet our staff. It is important that you get your child onto our register at least a year before they are 3 years old. We will get back to you as soon as we can, or you can send us an email to and we will get back to you as soon as we can. We have an answer phone if we are unable to answer the phone due to working with the children. We are open from 7.30am to 6.00pm with an administration in our office from 9.00am to 3.00pm. Who to contact Contact Name Rachel Austin Contact Position Centre Manager Telephone This provider has signed Gloucestershire County Council's Agreement to take the Achieving 2 year old Free For 3 & 4 year old funding and the 30 hours extended entitlement but can only accept children from their 3rd birthday. A member of staff working for this provider has taken part in an introductory inclusion training programme called Inclusion Needs You (INU) which is aimed at providers who want to actively welcome disabled children and young people to take part in their provision or activity. Children can attend the before and after school club from the age of 3 years or can attend the pre-school during core hours of 9.05am to 3.05pm. We are an independent Ofsted registered non-profit making charity that offers pre-school and out of school club to parents in our neighbourhood. The Woodfield Nest is allocated on the site of Cam Woodfield Schools although we are not formally part of these schools. Jamelle Bouie wonders whether voters will accept a party “that promises quite a bit but won’t work to make any of it a reality.”.Ezra Klein writes that “midterms typically raze the governing party” and explores just how tough a road the Democrats have ahead.Opinion Debate Will the Democrats face a midterm wipeout? Lacking these traditional credentials, Trump sought out “the underserved market within the Republican electorate by giving those voters what they might have wanted, but weren’t getting from the other mainstream selections.” When Trump got into the 2016 primary race, “he did not have a clear coalition, nor did he have the things candidates normally have when running for president: political experience, governing experience, or a track record supporting party issues and ideologies,” Joseph Uscinski, a political scientist at the University of Miami, wrote in an email. Trump’s success in transforming the party has radically changed the path to the Republican presidential nomination: the traditional elitist route through state and national party leaders, the Washington lobbying and interest group community and top fund-raisers across the country no longer assures success, and may, instead, prove a liability.įor those seeking to emulate Trump - Ted Cruz, Josh Hawley, Ron DeSantis, for example - the basic question is whether Trump’s trajectory is replicable or whether there are unexplored avenues to victory at the 2024 Republican National Convention. But this faction has been around longer than our current partisan divide.” In fact, “they are not loyal to a party - they are loyal to white Christian domination.” Lilliana Mason, a political scientist at Johns Hopkins, makes the case via Twitter that Trump has “served as a lightning rod for lots of regular people who hold white Christian supremacist beliefs.” The solidification of their control over the Republican Party “makes it seem like a partisan issue. The segregationist segment of the electorate has been a permanent fixture of American politics, shifting between the two major parties.įor more than two decades, scholars and analysts have written about the growing partisan antipathy and polarization that have turned America into two warring camps, politically speaking. With all his histrionics and theatrics, Trump brought the dark side of American politics to the fore: the alienated, the distrustful, voters willing to sacrifice democracy for a return to white hegemony. In 2016, Donald Trump recruited voters with the highest levels of animosity toward African Americans, assembling a “schadenfreude” electorate - voters who take pleasure in making the opposition suffer - that continues to dominate the Republican Party, even in the aftermath of the Trump presidency. Funct Ecol 12:596–606īusch JW (2005) The evolution of self-compatibiliy in the geographically peripheral populations of Leavenworthia alabamica (Brassicaceae). Genetica 58:85–96īrunet J, Eckert CG (1998) Effects of floral morphology and display on outcrossing in Blue Columbine, Aquilegia caerulea (Ranunculaceae). Theor Popul Biol 15:1–42īrown AHD, Munday J (1982) Population-genetic structure and optimal sampling of land races of barley from Iran. Biotechniques 31:6–8īrown AHD (1979) Enzyme polymorphism in plant populations. Plant Cell 22:2105–2112īoutin-Ganache I, Raposo M, Raymond M, Deschepper CF (2001) M-13 tailed primers improve the readability and usability of microsatellite analyses performed with two different allele sizing methods. Plant Ecol 145:49–58īirchler JA, Yao H, Chudalayandi S, Vaimanb D, Veitiac RA (2010) Heterosis. Academic/Elsevier, San Diegoīerg H, Redbo-Torstensson P (1999) Offspring performance in three cleistogamous Viola species. Evolution 41:340–354īaskin C, Baskin J (2014) Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and, evolution of dormancy and germination, 2nd edn. Ann Mo Bot Gard 92:445–462īarrett SCH, Shore JS (1987) Variation and evolution of breeding systems in the Turnera ulmifolia L. lewtonii.īarker NP (2005) A review and survey of basicarpy, geocarpy, and amphicarpy in the African and Madagascan flora. Conservation seed banking, if accompanied by research on seed germination requirements, may also contribute to the effective protection of genetic variation in P. Because genetic variation is structured at a fine spatial scale, protecting many populations is necessary to fully conserve the genetic variation in P. Fine-scale patterns of genetic structure indicate that some gene flow is occurring among aboveground CH flowers but both pollen and outcrossed seeds are moving limited distances (maximum of 0.5 km). Other selfed/inbred individuals were spatially separated (maximum of 15 m), and were likely produced by aboveground flowers followed by seed dispersal by ants. Some individuals produced by selfing/inbreeding were tightly clustered spatially, and were likely produced either by belowground flowers or by aboveground flowers with limited seed dispersal. lewtonii reproduces predominantly by selfing or bi-parental inbreeding, but reproduction occurred through each of the three flower types. We analyzed patterns of genetic diversity and structure to understand: (1) the predominant mating system (selfing or outcrossing), (2) the movement of pollen and seeds across the landscape, and (3) the optimal strategy to conserve the full range of genetic variation. lewtonii at both range-wide and fine geographic scales and genotyped them at 11 microsatellite loci. Aboveground seeds are ant-dispersed, whereas belowground seeds are spaced across the length of the rhizome. Polygala lewtonii is a federally endangered, amphicarpic plant with a mixed mating system and three types of flowers: (1) aboveground, chasmogamous flowers (i.e., open-pollinated CH), (2) aboveground, cleistogamous flowers (i.e., closed, selfing CL) and (3) CL flowers on belowground stems (amphicarpy). |